: The title is a reference to philosopher Gilbert Ryle’s critique of "Cartesian dualism"—the idea that a non-material soul (the ghost) animates a mechanical body (the machine). Evolutionary Perspective
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The title "Ghost in the Machine" refers to the idea that the mind, or the self, is an entity that cannot be reduced to purely physical or mechanical explanations. Koestler argues that the Cartesian dichotomy between mind (res cogitans) and matter (res extensa) has been discredited, and a new paradigm is needed to account for the complexities of human experience. Overview of "Ghost in the Machine" : The