Humans are hardwired to read faces for safety. An infant distinguishes a mother’s face within hours of birth. The baby’s brain releases oxytocin when the mother smiles. When a child with a history of sees a face approaching, their amygdala (fear center) should be quiet. But in cases of facial abuse, it explodes.
Identifying facial maltreatment requires looking for specific, often hidden, physical indicators and marked behavioral changes. maternal maltreatment facialabuse