| Challenge | Impact | Mitigation | |-----------|--------|------------| | | Yield loss up to 15 % if uncontrolled. | Deploy pheromone traps, encourage natural predators (lady beetles, lacewings). | | Post‑harvest bruising | Reduces marketable fruit; affects export quality. | Use padded crates, train harvesters in “hand‑pick‑and‑place” technique; implement rapid cooling (hydrocooling) within 2 h of harvest. | | Climate variability | Erratic flowering in years with abnormal rainfall. | Adopt regulated deficit irrigation to simulate dry‑spell cues that synchronize flowering. | | Seedling variability | Clonal propagation required to retain uniformity. | Use tissue culture (micropropagation) for mass production; maintain a certificate of genetic identity for each batch. |